Recently I have begun work on a project (Robbins et al., 2009) looking at evidence for leprosy in skeletal material from Balathal, a village in Rajasthan occupied during the Indus Age. There is one skeleton from a 40-year old male that demonstrates lesions on his face that are characteristic of leprosy. The differential diagnosis analysis of this individual was completed with a senior from Appalachian, Kelsey Gray. This individual represents the oldest documented skeletal evidence for the disease in the world. His presence (at 2000 BC) in a village in Rajasthan indicates that Vedic burial traditions in cases of leprosy were present in northwest India by the second millennium B.C. The skeleton also provides support for the suggestion that early Vedic scriptures composed before the first millennium B.C. are the first textual reference to leprosy. The presence of leprosy in skeletal material dated to the post-urban phase of the Indus Age also has implications for theories about the origin and initial migration routes of M. leprae. If the disease evolved in Africa during the late Pleistocene, then it migrated to India before the Late Holocene, possibly during the third millennium B.C. at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. This evidence is impetus to look for additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa during the Late Holocene to confirm the African origin of the disease.